Courts are state and federal government institutions with the authority to decide legal disputes and administer justice under the law in civil, criminal, and administrative matters. Courts are generally given this authority under the relevant state or federal constitution, and the relevant state or federal statutes. Courts are generally staffed by (1) one judge (in trial courts) or a panel of judges (in appellate courts) who interpret and apply the law; (2) support staff members that may include administrators (clerks); (3) a court reporter to record court proceedings; and (4) a bailiff to provide security.

The room in which court proceedings are conducted is known as the courtroom, and the building that includes the courtroom is known as the courthouse. The term “the court” may be used to refer to the judge or judges who are presiding over court proceedings. The judges in a state or federal court system are collectively known as the judiciary.

In Oregon, courts operate as part of the judicial branch of government, with the authority to resolve legal disputes and administer justice in accordance with the state's constitution, statutes, and case law, as well as relevant federal law for federal courts. The state court system includes various levels, such as the Oregon Supreme Court, the Oregon Court of Appeals, circuit courts, and specialized courts like tax and municipal courts. Federal courts operating in Oregon include the U.S. District Court for the District of Oregon and the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals for federal appellate matters. Judges preside over court proceedings, which may be held before a single judge in trial courts or a panel of judges in appellate courts. The support staff typically includes clerks, court reporters, and bailiffs, all of whom play essential roles in the functioning of the courts. Courtrooms are the specific spaces where legal proceedings occur, and these are housed within courthouses. The term 'the court' can refer to the presiding judge or panel of judges. Oregon's judiciary is bound by ethical rules and is responsible for interpreting and applying the law impartially.