Nunc pro tunc is a Latin expression that translates to “now for then”—meaning to do something now, and for it to have retroactive effect, as if it had been done at a previous time. In the legal context, a judgment nunc pro tunc is a new or changed judgment signed by the court that has retroactive effect to the date the corrected judgment was signed.

The purpose of a judgment nunc pro tunc is to correct a clerical error in the judgment after the court’s authority to change the judgment (its plenary power) has expired. Even a significant change to the original judgment may be accomplished through a judgment nunc pro tunc if it merely corrects a clerical error.

Thus, a judgment nunc pro tunc can generally only be used to correct a clerical error the court made when writing or recording (entering) the judgment the court made (rendered)—and not a judicial error (a substantive error in judicial reasoning) in the judgment. In other words, if the signed judgment inaccurately reflects the true decision of the court, then the error is clerical and may be corrected by judgment nunc pro tunc.

In Oklahoma, a judgment nunc pro tunc is a legal mechanism used to correct clerical errors in a judgment after the court's authority to amend the judgment has expired. This tool is not intended for correcting judicial errors, which are substantive mistakes in the court's reasoning or decision-making process. Instead, it is used when the written judgment does not accurately reflect the actual decision made by the court at an earlier date. The correction is made retroactively, so the judgment is deemed to have been entered correctly from the original date it was supposed to be recorded. The use of nunc pro tunc orders ensures that the public record matches the court's true intention and maintains the integrity of the judicial process. Oklahoma courts adhere to these principles when issuing nunc pro tunc orders to amend judgments to reflect what was originally intended by the court.