The tenure system and related teacher dismissal processes have been the subject of much debate. Proponents of the tenure system claim that tenure protects academic freedom and ensures that teachers cannot be fired for reasons not related to performance. But critics believe the tenure system can make it too difficult and expensive to remove ineffective teachers.
 
Although there are some federal guidelines and protections for educators, teacher tenure and dismissal mostly fall under state and local jurisdiction, so laws and procedures can vary significantly from state to state and among school districts within a state.
 
Purpose of Teacher Tenure
 
The primary purpose of teacher tenure is to protect effective teachers from being dismissed for non-educational or arbitrary reasons. Tenure is intended to ensure academic freedom and safeguard teachers from dismissals grounded in personal, political, or other non-performance-related reasons.
 
Earning Tenure 
 
Most states grant tenure to teachers after they complete a probationary period, which often lasts between 2-5 years but can vary by state. During this period, the teacher's performance is frequently evaluated.
 
Protection Provided by Tenure
 
Once tenure is granted, teachers are typically protected from dismissal without “just cause.” This does not mean they cannot be fired, but there must be a valid, stated reason for their dismissal.
 
Dismissal of Tenured Teachers
 
The reasons a tenured teacher can be dismissed usually include incompetence, insubordination, neglect of duty, or immorality. Some states also include criminal convictions—especially those involving children—as grounds for dismissal. Budget cuts or school closures might also result in teacher layoffs, but in these situations, decisions often depend on seniority, performance evaluations, or other factors specified by the school district or the state.
 
Teacher’s Right to Due Process
 
When a school district intends to dismiss a tenured teacher, the teacher has a right to due process. This ensures fairness and transparency in the dismissal procedure. Due process typically includes the right to be notified of the dismissal grounds, to have a hearing, and to be represented, often by a union representative or legal counsel.
 
Hearing
 
In a dismissal hearing, both the school district and the teacher can present evidence, call witnesses, and make arguments. An impartial body or arbitrator usually oversees the hearing.
 
Appeal
 
If a teacher disagrees with the outcome of the dismissal hearing, the teacher may have a right to appeal the decision. The appeal process and the entities involved in appeals vary from state to state.

In South Carolina, the tenure system for teachers, known as 'continuing contract' or 'career status,' is designed to provide job security for educators who have demonstrated competence during a probationary period. This period typically lasts for three years, after which a teacher may be granted tenure if they meet the performance standards set by the school district. Once tenured, a teacher in South Carolina can only be dismissed for just cause, which includes reasons such as professional incompetence, insubordination, or conduct unbecoming a teacher. If a tenured teacher is facing dismissal, they are entitled to due process, which includes written notice of the charges, an opportunity for a hearing, and the right to be represented by an attorney. In cases of layoffs due to budget cuts or declining enrollment, decisions may be influenced by factors such as seniority and the needs of the district. Tenured teachers also have the right to appeal dismissal decisions, and the specifics of the appeal process are governed by state law and local school district policies.