Laws regarding school discipline and punishment vary from state to state; from school district to school district; and between public schools, private schools, and charter schools. School discipline and punishment laws are generally located in a state’s statutes (often in the Education Code) and further defined in a specific school’s policies and procedures. Federal laws may also apply in particular school discipline contexts. And state and federal criminal laws may apply to certain student conduct that occurs on school property or at school-sponsored events.

Exclusionary discipline is any type of school discipline that removes or excludes a student from their usual educational setting. Two of the most common exclusionary discipline actions are suspension and expulsion.

Corporal punishment is the use of physical force—usually paddling or spanking—to punish a student for misbehavior. Corporal punishment against students is legal in approximately 19 states but is controversial and the subject of proposed state and federal legislation to limit or prohibit its use.

In Vermont, school discipline and punishment are governed by state statutes within the Education Code and are further detailed in the policies and procedures of individual schools. Vermont law prohibits corporal punishment in public schools, aligning with a growing trend against physical discipline in educational settings. Exclusionary discipline, such as suspension and expulsion, is permitted but is regulated to ensure due process and the protection of students' educational rights. Federal laws, including the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and Title IX, may also influence school discipline practices, particularly for students with disabilities or in matters of discrimination or harassment. Additionally, state and federal criminal laws can apply to student conduct that is criminal in nature, whether it occurs on school property or during school-sponsored events. Vermont schools are encouraged to use positive behavioral interventions and supports (PBIS) and other restorative practices to address student behavior before resorting to exclusionary discipline.