Accidents are a broad category of incidents that may result in personal injuries or property damage. Personal injury refers to an injury to a person’s body—also known as bodily injury—or to their mind or emotional well-being—also referred to as emotional distress. Property damage refers to damage to any kind of real property (real estate) or personal property (all property that is not real estate).

Accidents usually refer to incidents caused by someone else’s negligence rather than by their intentional act. Claims for personal injuries or property damage resulting from an accident or negligent act of another person or entity may create legal liability if the person injured in the accident can prove another person or entity breached their duty of ordinary care in the activity that led to the accident (driving a motor vehicle, for example) and that negligence or breach of the duty of ordinary care caused personal injuries or property damage to the claimant.

Legal claims for personal injuries and property damage resulting from accidents are primarily a matter of state law and may be located (1) in the state’s court opinions—also known as cases, case law, or common law—such as for the elements of a negligence claim; or (2) in the state’s statutes when the state legislature has defined the standards for the safe operation of motor vehicles and the use of streets and sidewalks by pedestrians—such as when the operator of a motor vehicle hits and kills a pedestrian in a crosswalk or on a sidewalk, committing the statutory crime of vehicular manslaughter or vehicular homicide.

If the operator of a motor vehicle (driver) violates a statute by speeding, failing to yield to a pedestrian in a crosswalk, or operating a motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol or drugs (DUI/DWI), for example, and the violation of the statute is the primary (proximate) cause of the pedestrian’s injuries, the mere violation of the statute may be negligence—known as negligence per se (pronounced “Pur-say").

In that case, the injured pedestrian may not have to prove the motor vehicle operator was negligent in any other way to prove the operator's liability for the accident.

In Massachusetts, accidents that result in personal injuries or property damage due to someone else's negligence can lead to legal liability. To establish a claim, the injured party must demonstrate that the at-fault party breached their duty of ordinary care, such as safe driving, and that this breach caused the injury or damage. Massachusetts law, including both case law and state statutes, governs these claims. For instance, if a driver violates traffic laws—like speeding, failing to yield, or driving under the influence—and causes an accident, this may constitute 'negligence per se,' simplifying the injured party's burden of proof. In such cases, the violation itself can be sufficient to establish the driver's liability without needing to prove additional negligence. It's important to note that specific details and outcomes of such claims can vary based on the circumstances of each case and the interpretation of laws by Massachusetts courts.