The legal doctrine of sovereign immunity limits the circumstances under which a private person or entity (a nongovernmental unit) may sue a state government or the federal government. Sovereign immunity in the United States was derived from the English common law policy (from Great Britain) that the king (the sovereign) could do no wrong and should not be held to account by his subjects (the people).

Current legal theory also relies on sovereign immunity to protect the public treasury (the fisc) from unlimited claims.

Many states have laws (statutes) known as tort claims acts that waive the government’s immunity in whole or in part for certain specified claims and allow private parties (persons or entities) to sue the government for torts (wrongful acts) committed by persons acting on behalf of the government. In some instances, tort claims acts waive sovereign immunity for claims against the government for personal injuries (as well as for property damage).

And the U.S. Congress has passed a law (a statute) known as the Federal Tort Claims Act that waives the federal government’s immunity for certain claims and allows private parties (persons or entities) to sue the federal government for torts (wrongful acts) committed by persons acting on behalf of the federal government. The Federal Tort Claims Act is located in the United States Code, beginning at 28 U.S.C. §2674.

Lawsuits against the federal government under the Federal Tort Claims Act must be filed in federal courts in the United States.

In Vermont, as in other states, the doctrine of sovereign immunity generally protects the state government from being sued without its consent. However, Vermont has enacted statutes that waive this immunity to some extent. The Vermont Tort Claims Act allows individuals to bring certain types of lawsuits against the state for damages caused by the negligent or wrongful acts of state employees acting within the scope of their employment. This waiver of immunity is subject to various limitations and exceptions, and there are specific procedures and requirements that must be followed to bring a claim. At the federal level, the Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA) similarly waives sovereign immunity for certain types of tort claims against the United States government. Under the FTCA, private parties can sue the federal government for wrongful acts committed by federal employees in the scope of their employment. Claims under the FTCA must be filed in federal court, and there are specific procedural requirements that must be met. It's important to note that both the Vermont Tort Claims Act and the FTCA have their own unique set of rules and exceptions, and potential claimants often benefit from consulting with an attorney to navigate these complexities.