The legal doctrine of sovereign immunity limits the circumstances under which a private person or entity (a nongovernmental unit) may sue a state government or the federal government. Sovereign immunity in the United States was derived from the English common law policy (from Great Britain) that the king (the sovereign) could do no wrong and should not be held to account by his subjects (the people).

Current legal theory also relies on sovereign immunity to protect the public treasury (the fisc) from unlimited claims.

Many states have laws (statutes) known as tort claims acts that waive the government’s immunity in whole or in part for certain specified claims and allow private parties (persons or entities) to sue the government for torts (wrongful acts) committed by persons acting on behalf of the government. In some instances, tort claims acts waive sovereign immunity for claims against the government for personal injuries (as well as for property damage).

And the U.S. Congress has passed a law (a statute) known as the Federal Tort Claims Act that waives the federal government’s immunity for certain claims and allows private parties (persons or entities) to sue the federal government for torts (wrongful acts) committed by persons acting on behalf of the federal government. The Federal Tort Claims Act is located in the United States Code, beginning at 28 U.S.C. §2674.

Lawsuits against the federal government under the Federal Tort Claims Act must be filed in federal courts in the United States.

In Indiana, as in other states, the legal doctrine of sovereign immunity means that the state and its various departments are generally immune from being sued without their consent. This principle is rooted in the idea that the state cannot commit a legal wrong and is protected to preserve the public treasury. However, Indiana has enacted the Indiana Tort Claims Act (ITCA), which partially waives the state's sovereign immunity. Under the ITCA, individuals can bring certain types of lawsuits against the state for damages, such as personal injury or property damage, caused by the negligent acts of state employees acting within the scope of their employment. There are specific procedures and limitations outlined in the ITCA that must be followed when filing a claim. At the federal level, the Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA) similarly waives sovereign immunity in certain cases, allowing individuals to sue the federal government for wrongful acts committed by federal employees. Claims under the FTCA must be filed in federal court. It's important to note that both the ITCA and FTCA have exceptions and do not provide a blanket waiver of immunity for all types of claims.