In the classic pyramid scheme, participants attempt to make money solely by recruiting new participants, and usually:

• The promoter promises a high return in a short period of time;

• No genuine product or service is actually sold; and

• The primary emphasis is on recruiting new participants.

All pyramid schemes eventually collapse, and most investors lose their money.

Fraudsters frequently promote pyramid schemes through social media, internet advertising, company websites, group presentations, conference calls, YouTube videos, and other means. Pyramid scheme promoters may go to great lengths to make the program look like a business, such as a legitimate multi-level marketing (MLM) program.

But the fraudsters use money paid by new recruits to pay off earlier stage investors (usually recruits as well). At some point, the schemes get too big, the promoter cannot raise enough money from new investors to pay earlier investors, and people lose their money.

Here are some of the hallmarks of a pyramid scheme:

• Emphasis on recruiting. If a program focuses solely on recruiting others to join the program for a fee, it is likely a pyramid scheme. Be skeptical if you will receive more compensation for recruiting others than for product sales.

• No genuine product or service is sold. Exercise caution if what is being sold as part of the business is hard to value, like so-called tech services or products such as mass-licensed e-books or online advertising on little-used websites. Some fraudsters choose fancy-sounding products to make it harder to prove the company is a bogus pyramid scheme.

• Promises of high returns in a short time period. Be skeptical of promises of fast cash—it could mean that commissions are being paid out of money from new recruits rather than revenue generated by product sales.

• Easy money or passive income. There is no such thing as a free lunch. If you are offered compensation in exchange for doing little work such as making payments, recruiting others, or placing online advertisements on obscure websites, you may be part of an illegal pyramid scheme.

• No demonstrated revenue from retail sales. Ask to see documents, such as financial statements audited by a certified public accountant (CPA), showing that the company generates revenue from selling its products or services to people outside the program. As a general rule, legitimate MLM companies derive revenue primarily from selling products, not from recruiting members.

• Complex commission structure. Be concerned unless commissions are based on products or services that you or your recruits sell to people outside the program. If you do not understand how you will be compensated, be cautious.

All Pyramid Schemes Collapse

When fraudsters attempt to make money solely by recruiting new participants into a program, that is a pyramid scheme, and there is only one possible mathematical result—collapse. Imagine if one participant must find six other participants, who, in turn, must find six new recruits each. In only 11 layers of the downline, fraudsters would need more participants than the entire population of the United States to maintain the scheme.

In Ohio, pyramid schemes are illegal and are considered a form of fraud. Ohio Revised Code Section 1333.91 defines a pyramid sales plan as any scheme for the sale of goods or services where a participant pays a valuable consideration for the chance to receive compensation primarily from the introduction of other participants into the plan, rather than from the sale or consumption of goods. Such schemes prioritize recruitment over actual sales and promise high returns in a short period without a genuine product or service. The law distinguishes legitimate multi-level marketing (MLM) operations, which are based on actual sales of products or services, from pyramid schemes, which rely on the fees paid by new recruits to compensate earlier participants. When evaluating a business opportunity, it is crucial to look for red flags such as emphasis on recruitment over sales, promises of high returns with little effort, lack of verifiable revenue from retail sales, and complex commission structures that are not based on actual product sales. Pyramid schemes are destined to collapse because they require an unsustainable exponential growth of new recruits. Individuals involved in promoting or participating in pyramid schemes in Ohio may face legal consequences, including charges of fraud and penalties under consumer protection laws.