Although the law varies from state to state, most documents filed with a court—as well as settlement agreements and discovery documents that are not filed with the court in which the lawsuit is pending—are court records and are presumed open to the public. This includes documents and testimony that may include confidential, embarrassing, or sensitive information.

But in some circumstances judges have the authority to seal specific documents, or all documents, or to close hearings that would ordinarily be open to the public. And the burden of proof on a party seeking to restrict or seal court records in family law matters is generally lower than in other civil and criminal cases.

Potential reasons for sealing or restricting access to court records in divorce and other family law matters may include (1) protecting the identity of a victim of child abuse or sexual abuse; (2) protecting the disclosure of a spouse’s mental illness or addictions; (3) protecting against the disclosure of serious, false allegations that might otherwise constitute actionable defamation (libel or slander); (4) protecting victims and cooperating witnesses or informants from retaliation; (5) avoiding the release of information that might compromise an ongoing criminal investigation or a defendant’s due process rights; and (6) protecting classified information affecting national security.

Laws regarding the sealing or restricting of access to court records vary from state to state and are usually located in a state’s statutes or rules of civil procedure, as interpreted and applied by the courts in appellate court opinions (common law).

In New York, court records are generally accessible to the public, reflecting the principle of transparency in the judicial process. However, New York courts do have the discretion to seal documents or close hearings under certain circumstances to protect privacy or other sensitive interests. The standard for sealing records in family law cases, such as divorce proceedings, may be less stringent than in other civil or criminal matters. Reasons for sealing records can include protecting the identity of child or sexual abuse victims, safeguarding information about a spouse's mental health or addictions, preventing the spread of false allegations that could be defamatory, protecting witnesses from retaliation, ensuring the integrity of ongoing criminal investigations, and maintaining national security. The authority to seal records is governed by New York state statutes, rules of civil procedure, and case law from appellate courts. Parties seeking to seal records must typically demonstrate that their interest in privacy or other concerns outweighs the public's interest in access to the records.