Real property (real estate) or personal property (money, jewelry, art, stocks, bonds, etc.) given by one spouse to the other spouse during marriage is generally presumed to be a gift, and is the receiving spouse’s separate property. Such a gift includes all income and property from the gifted property—such as stock splits resulting in new shares of stock, and stock dividends paid. Because such transfers of property are separate property owned by the receiving spouse, the spouse who gave or gifted the property during the marriage generally cannot recover it or seek a credit or offset for it against the marital or community property.

But laws on spousal gifts during marriage vary from state to state, and especially with gifts that are substantial in value in relation to the income and assets of the spouses. And in some states the character of property as (1) separate property or (2) community or marital property can be permanently changed if there was a transmutation of the property by written agreement of the parties—an agreement in which the property was transmuted from community property to separate property, for example. A transmutation of real property may have to be recorded in the county records to be effective.

Laws regarding the characterization of property given by one spouse to the other spouse during marriage, and any transmutation of the property, are generally located in a state’s statutes, and often in the family or domestic relations code.

In Massachusetts, which is not a community property state but rather an equitable distribution state, property acquired during the marriage is typically considered marital property, regardless of how it is titled. Gifts from one spouse to another are generally presumed to be the separate property of the receiving spouse. This includes any income or additional property derived from the gifted property, such as stock splits or dividends. However, the characterization of property as separate can be complex and may depend on factors such as the value of the gift in relation to the couple's overall assets and income. Massachusetts law allows for the transmutation of property, where spouses can change the nature of the property from separate to marital or vice versa, typically through a written agreement. Such agreements should be clear and convincing to be enforceable. It's important to note that in the event of a divorce, the court will consider various factors to achieve an equitable distribution of all marital property, which may include gifts between spouses, depending on the circumstances. For specific cases and legal advice, consulting with an attorney is recommended.