One of the most contentious and often difficult parts of the divorce process is the division of the spouses’ marital assets or property—both real property (real estate) and personal property (money, stocks, bonds, homes, cars, art, household furnishings, etc.). The spouses may be able to agree on how such assets will be divided—but often they cannot, and the court must determine how the assets will be divided—and sometimes the court will order certain assets be sold to facilitate the division of the assets.

If the spouses live in a community property state (as opposed to an equitable distribution state), and if an asset was acquired by one spouse before the marriage, it will generally remain that spouse’s separate property and not subject to division upon divorce. But income earned from the separate property asset and any appreciation (increase) in the value of the separate property asset during the marriage may be community property rather than separate property, and subject to division. Community property states generally include Alaska, Arizona, California, Idaho, Louisiana, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Washington, and Wisconsin.

In other states—so-called equitable distribution or common law property states—the court attempts to divide the spouses’ assets equitably (fairly)—which does not necessarily mean equally. In deciding what is an equitable distribution of the spouses’ marital property, the court may consider factors such as the relative education, employability, earning capacities, and separate property assets (acquired before marriage) of the spouses, and whether one spouse’s infidelity or abusive behavior, for example, was a greater factor in the breakup of the marriage.

In practice, the difference between the division of assets in community property states and in equitable distribution states is sometimes not as great as it may seem, as the court in a community property state may have the discretion to divide the spouses’ community property on a 60-40, 70-30, or other unequal basis.

When evaluating the division assets, it is also important to consider any tax implications for the division of the assets—such as the responsibility to pay property taxes due on a home or other real property.

In Vermont, which is not a community property state but an equitable distribution state, the division of marital assets during a divorce is based on what is fair and equitable, rather than an equal 50-50 split. This means that the court will look at various factors to determine how to divide assets such as real estate, money, stocks, bonds, and personal belongings. These factors can include each spouse's education, employability, earning capacities, and assets acquired before the marriage, as well as any misconduct like infidelity or abuse that may have contributed to the breakdown of the marriage. Assets acquired by one spouse before the marriage are typically considered separate property and not subject to division, but any income or appreciation from those assets during the marriage may be considered for division. It's also important to note that even in community property states, courts may divide assets unequally based on the circumstances. Additionally, tax implications, such as property tax responsibilities, must be considered when dividing assets in a divorce.