Persons who are deprived of their liberty (held in jail, prison, or a psychiatric institution) have the right to challenge the legality of their arrest or detention through a judicial inquiry or process known as habeas corpus. Habeas corpus is a centuries-old Latin phrase meaning “produce the body.” By means of a writ of habeas corpus, a court or judge may order the state to “produce the body”—in other words, to hand over the prisoner—so the court may review the legality of the prisoner’s detention.

For example, federal courts may use the writ of habeas corpus to determine if a state’s detention of a prisoner or other detainee—such as an institutionalized psychiatric patient—is lawful. A petition for writ of habeas corpus proceeds as a civil action against the state agent who is holding the prisoner in custody—usually a prison warden or psychiatric facility and treating psychiatrist.

State and federal prisoners often file a petition for writ of habeas corpus after their conviction to challenge the legality of federal laws that resulted in their detention. Habeas corpus petitions may also be used to challenge detention in immigration or deportation cases and military court detentions and convictions. And a habeas petition may be used to challenge preliminary matters in criminal prosecutions, such as (1) whether there is an adequate basis for detention; (2) removal to another federal district court; (3) the denial of bail or parole, or excessive bail; (4) the failure to provide for a speedy trial or hearing; (5) a claim of double jeopardy; (6) the legality of extradition to another state or a foreign country; or (7) the jurisdiction of the court. See 28 U.S.C. §2241.

Thus, the purpose of a writ of habeas corpus is not to determine the guilt or innocence of the detainee, but to test the legality of the current detention or confinement. It is a safeguard against imprisonment of persons detained in violation of the law—by requiring government authorities to provide valid reasons for the detention. If the habeas petition is granted and the writ is issued, it provides immediate relief from the unlawful detention by ordering the detainee be released from custody.

The right to petition for a writ of habeas corpus is guaranteed by the United States Constitution and by state constitutions.

In South Dakota, as in other states, individuals who are deprived of their liberty, whether in jail, prison, or a psychiatric institution, have the right to challenge the legality of their detention through a judicial process known as habeas corpus. This right is protected by both the United States Constitution and the South Dakota State Constitution. A writ of habeas corpus allows a court to review the legality of a person's detention and, if the detention is found to be unlawful, to order their release. The process involves filing a petition against the state agent responsible for the detention, such as a prison warden or the head of a psychiatric facility. Habeas corpus can be used to address issues such as the basis for detention, bail or parole decisions, speedy trial rights, double jeopardy claims, extradition, and jurisdictional matters. The federal statute governing habeas corpus for federal and state detainees is found at 28 U.S.C. §2241. It's important to note that habeas corpus proceedings are not about determining guilt or innocence but are focused on the legality of the detention itself.