In most states persons accused of violating the law before they are 18 years of age are under the jurisdiction of the juvenile courts, and persons accused of violating the law when they are 18 years of age or older are under the jurisdiction of the criminal courts. Some states begin prosecuting persons as adults in the criminal court system when they are 17 years of age, and some states begin prosecuting persons as adults in the criminal court system when they are 16 years of age.

But all states have transfer laws that permit or require criminal prosecution of some young offenders—even though they are still of juvenile age, as defined by the state’s laws. Transfer laws vary from state to state, but generally fall within three categories: (1) judicial waiver laws that allow juvenile courts to waive jurisdiction on a case-by-case basis; (2) prosecutorial discretion or concurrent jurisdiction laws that define a class of cases that may be brought in juvenile court or in criminal court—usually at the discretion of the prosecutor; and (3) statutory exclusion laws that grant criminal courts exclusive jurisdiction over certain classes of cases involving juvenile-age offenders.

The laws that govern when a person of juvenile age may be prosecuted as an adult in the criminal court system are generally located in a state’s statutes.

In Pennsylvania, individuals who are accused of violating the law before they turn 18 are typically under the jurisdiction of the juvenile courts, while those who are 18 or older are prosecuted in the criminal courts. However, Pennsylvania does have transfer laws that allow for certain juvenile offenders to be tried as adults in the criminal court system. These transfer laws include judicial waiver laws, where juvenile courts can decide to waive their jurisdiction over a case involving a minor; prosecutorial discretion or concurrent jurisdiction laws, which give prosecutors the choice to file charges in either juvenile or criminal court for certain offenses; and statutory exclusion laws, which automatically place certain serious offenses committed by juveniles under the jurisdiction of the criminal courts. The specifics of these laws, including the age at which a juvenile can be tried as an adult and the types of offenses that may trigger a transfer to adult court, are detailed in Pennsylvania's statutes.