A juvenile court—also known as a young offender’s court—is a special court that handles criminal proceedings against minors—usually a child age 17 or younger, but in some states a child age 16 or younger, or age 15 or younger. Juveniles who are accused of violating a criminal statute against theft, drug use, drug possession, assault, disorderly conduct, underage drinking, truancy (skipping school), and curfew violations are often handled by juvenile courts. Juvenile dependency cases in which the state seeks to remove minors from a troubled home environment (when they are abused or neglected by their parents or guardians) are also handled by juvenile courts. But more violent offenses such as aggravated assault, rape, murder, and robbery are less likely to be prosecuted in juvenile court.

Cases in juvenile court are civil proceedings rather than criminal proceedings. This is significant because in juvenile court minors are charged with committing a delinquent act (a civil matter) rather than being charged with a criminal act. In juvenile court, juveniles do not have all of the Constitutional rights as an adult in criminal court does (such as the right to a jury trial), but police, prosecutors, and court officials have broad discretion in handling the case and giving the juvenile a second chance.

In Illinois, the Juvenile Court is a division of the Circuit Court that handles cases involving minors, typically those who are under the age of 18. The court deals with delinquency cases, where minors are accused of conduct that would be criminal if committed by an adult, such as theft, drug offenses, assault, and other violations. It also addresses juvenile dependency matters, where the state intervenes in cases of abuse or neglect. While juvenile proceedings are civil in nature, the aim is to provide guidance and rehabilitation rather than punishment. For more serious offenses like aggravated assault, rape, murder, and robbery, minors may be tried in adult court, depending on the severity of the offense and the minor's age. In juvenile court, minors do not have the right to a public jury trial, but they do retain other constitutional rights, such as the right to an attorney and the right against self-incrimination. The juvenile justice system in Illinois emphasizes restorative justice and the best interests of the minor, with a focus on treatment and education rather than incarceration.