A juvenile court—also known as a young offender’s court—is a special court that handles criminal proceedings against minors—usually a child age 17 or younger, but in some states a child age 16 or younger, or age 15 or younger. Juveniles who are accused of violating a criminal statute against theft, drug use, drug possession, assault, disorderly conduct, underage drinking, truancy (skipping school), and curfew violations are often handled by juvenile courts. Juvenile dependency cases in which the state seeks to remove minors from a troubled home environment (when they are abused or neglected by their parents or guardians) are also handled by juvenile courts. But more violent offenses such as aggravated assault, rape, murder, and robbery are less likely to be prosecuted in juvenile court.

Cases in juvenile court are civil proceedings rather than criminal proceedings. This is significant because in juvenile court minors are charged with committing a delinquent act (a civil matter) rather than being charged with a criminal act. In juvenile court, juveniles do not have all of the Constitutional rights as an adult in criminal court does (such as the right to a jury trial), but police, prosecutors, and court officials have broad discretion in handling the case and giving the juvenile a second chance.

In Alabama, juvenile courts handle cases involving minors, typically those who are under the age of 18. These courts deal with a range of offenses from theft, drug-related offenses, assault, disorderly conduct, underage drinking, truancy, and curfew violations. Additionally, juvenile dependency matters, where there may be abuse or neglect in the home, are also within the jurisdiction of juvenile courts. While juvenile courts in Alabama do address serious crimes such as aggravated assault, rape, murder, and robbery committed by minors, these cases may be transferred to adult court depending on the severity of the offense and the age of the juvenile. Unlike adult criminal proceedings, juvenile cases are civil proceedings where minors are adjudicated as delinquent rather than being convicted of a crime. Juveniles in Alabama do not have the right to a jury trial in juvenile court, and the proceedings are focused more on rehabilitation than punishment. Law enforcement and court officials have discretion in handling juvenile cases, often with an emphasis on providing a second chance for the minor involved.