Forensic science is an important part of the criminal justice system, in both state and federal courts. Forensic scientists examine and analyze evidence from crime scenes and other relevant locations to develop objective findings that may assist in the investigation and prosecution of criminals, or clear an innocent person from suspicion.

Common forensic science laboratory disciplines include (1) forensic molecular biology (DNA); (2) forensic chemistry; (3) trace evidence examination (hairs, fibers, paints, polymers, glass, soil, etc.); (4) latent fingerprint examination; (5) firearms and toolmarks examination; (6) handwriting analysis; (7) fire and explosives examinations; (8) forensic toxicology; and (9) digital evidence.

Practitioners of these forensic science disciplines are usually found in medical examiner or coroner’s offices, universities, and private practices. And the United States Department of Justice maintains forensic laboratories at (1) the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF); (2) the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA); and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).

In South Dakota, forensic science plays a crucial role in the criminal justice system, aiding both state and federal courts. Forensic scientists in the state work to examine and analyze evidence from crime scenes, contributing to the investigation and prosecution of crimes, as well as potentially exonerating the innocent. The state adheres to standards and practices that ensure the reliability and admissibility of forensic evidence in court. South Dakota has its own forensic laboratories and may also rely on federal forensic services provided by agencies such as the ATF, DEA, and FBI. These laboratories specialize in various disciplines of forensic science, including DNA analysis, forensic chemistry, trace evidence, fingerprinting, ballistics, document examination, and toxicology, among others. Forensic practitioners in South Dakota may be employed by government agencies, such as the state's Attorney General's Office, Division of Criminal Investigation, or by local medical examiners, as well as by universities and private entities. The use of forensic evidence in South Dakota is subject to both state statutes and federal laws that govern the collection, analysis, and presentation of forensic data in legal proceedings.