Forensic science is an important part of the criminal justice system, in both state and federal courts. Forensic scientists examine and analyze evidence from crime scenes and other relevant locations to develop objective findings that may assist in the investigation and prosecution of criminals, or clear an innocent person from suspicion.

Common forensic science laboratory disciplines include (1) forensic molecular biology (DNA); (2) forensic chemistry; (3) trace evidence examination (hairs, fibers, paints, polymers, glass, soil, etc.); (4) latent fingerprint examination; (5) firearms and toolmarks examination; (6) handwriting analysis; (7) fire and explosives examinations; (8) forensic toxicology; and (9) digital evidence.

Practitioners of these forensic science disciplines are usually found in medical examiner or coroner’s offices, universities, and private practices. And the United States Department of Justice maintains forensic laboratories at (1) the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF); (2) the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA); and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).

In New York, forensic science is a critical component of the criminal justice system, utilized by both state and federal courts. The state adheres to various statutes and regulations that govern the use of forensic evidence in legal proceedings. Forensic scientists in New York may work in a range of settings, including medical examiner or coroner offices, academic institutions, and private sector labs. They are responsible for analyzing physical evidence using a variety of scientific disciplines such as DNA analysis, forensic chemistry, and digital evidence examination. The New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services (DCJS) oversees forensic laboratories and ensures they meet certain standards and accreditation requirements. Additionally, federal agencies like the ATF, DEA, and FBI operate their own forensic labs that may collaborate with state authorities on criminal cases. The reliability and admissibility of forensic evidence in court are subject to the standards set forth in the Frye standard or the Daubert standard, depending on the jurisdiction within New York. These standards are used to determine whether the scientific methodology is generally accepted in the relevant scientific community and whether the evidence is relevant and reliable.