Discovery in criminal prosecutions (cases) generally refers to (1) the process by which the prosecution (government) gathers evidence to prove its case at trial and (2) the prosecution’s duty to disclose such evidence to the defendant—usually through the defendant’s lawyer or counsel.

The state or federal government’s disclosure of material, exculpatory evidence (tending to disprove the defendant’s guilt) or impeachment evidence (tending to impeach or contradict the prosecution’s witnesses) is part of the Constitutional guarantee of a fair trial and is known as Brady material or a Brady disclosure. See Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87 (1963); Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150, 154 (1972). Because these are Constitutional obligations, such evidence must be disclosed to the defendant regardless of whether the defendant makes a request for exculpatory or impeachment evidence. Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419, 432-33 (1995). But the law does not require the government to disclose such evidence to the defendant before entering into a plea agreement with the defendant. U.S. v. Ruiz, 536 U.S. 622, 629 (2002); Weatherford v. Bursey, 429 U.S. 545, 559 (1977).

The Constitution requires the prosecution to disclose exculpatory and impeachment evidence that is material to a finding of guilt—in other words, when there is a reasonable probability that effective use of the evidence will result in an acquittal. United States v. Bagley, 475 U.S. 667, 676 (1985). Because it is sometimes difficult to determine the materiality of evidence before trial, prosecutors generally must take a broad view of materiality and err on the side of disclosing exculpatory and impeachment evidence. And the disclosure of exculpatory and impeachment evidence extends to law enforcement (police) and other government employees—including employees of agencies other than the prosecuting attorney’s office (U.S. Attorney or District Attorney) such as Child Protective Services.

Some states have laws that go beyond the U.S. Supreme Court’s directives in the Brady case and provide more detailed requirements for the timing and substance of such disclosures. These laws may be located in the state’s court opinions, statutes, or rules of criminal procedure, for example.

In New Jersey, the discovery process in criminal prosecutions involves the prosecution's collection of evidence to support its case and the obligation to share this evidence with the defense. This includes the disclosure of Brady material, which encompasses evidence that could exonerate the defendant or impeach the credibility of prosecution witnesses. These disclosures are mandated by the Constitution to ensure a fair trial and must be provided even without a defense request. However, the prosecution is not required to disclose exculpatory or impeachment evidence before a plea agreement is reached. The standard for determining what evidence must be disclosed is whether there is a reasonable probability that the evidence could lead to an acquittal. New Jersey prosecutors are expected to broadly interpret materiality and disclose pertinent evidence, which also applies to law enforcement and other government employees. New Jersey may have additional state-specific laws and rules that provide further guidance on the timing and details of such disclosures, which can be found in state court opinions, statutes, or rules of criminal procedure.