Stalking is generally a course conduct directed toward a specific person (or the person’s family, friends, or work associates) that would cause a reasonable person to be in fear of their safety, health, or well-being. Stalking includes (1) spying on a person; (2) waiting at a location to make unwanted contact with the victim, or to monitor the victim; (3) leaving unwanted items and gifts for the victim; and (4) posting or disseminating information or rumors about the victim on the internet, in a public place, or by word of mouth.

Stalkers may also use technology to harass their victim. Common forms of cyberstalking include:

• e-mail spoofing—sending e-mails pretending to be the victim • text messaging and sexting (sending sexually explicit text messages or photos)

• social media (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, etc.)—creating social media accounts and posting statements to harass, threaten, or denigrate the victim, or to impersonate the victim on social media

• online impersonation of the victim through a false identity or account to place online sex ads or solicit sex

• use of GPS to track the victim, including placing a GPS device on the victim’s car.

Stalking is a crime under federal law (18 U.S.C. §2261A) and in each of the 50 states, the District of Columbia, the U.S. Territories, and many Indian Tribes. In addition to stalking laws, every state has laws addressing electronic harassment, and federal law also criminalizes the use of technology to stalk (18 U.S.C. §2261A(2)).

Legal definitions for stalking and harassment vary from state to state and in the federal system—especially regarding the stalker’s intent and the nature of the victim’s fear or emotional distress caused by the stalking.

In Oregon, stalking is addressed under ORS 163.732 and is defined as a course of conduct directed at a specific person that would cause a reasonable person to feel fear for their safety or the safety of a third person, or to suffer substantial emotional distress. This includes behaviors such as spying, waiting at locations to make unwanted contact or monitor the victim, leaving unwanted items, and spreading information or rumors about the victim both online and offline. Cyberstalking, which involves the use of technology to harass, is also recognized under Oregon law. This can include email spoofing, text messaging, social media harassment, online impersonation, and the use of GPS tracking devices. Stalking is a crime that can be prosecuted under state law, and when technology is used to facilitate stalking, it may also fall under federal jurisdiction, specifically 18 U.S.C. §2261A. It's important to note that the legal definitions and requirements for proving stalking can vary, but generally, the perpetrator's intent and the impact on the victim's emotional well-being are key factors in both state and federal law.