Stalking is generally a course conduct directed toward a specific person (or the person’s family, friends, or work associates) that would cause a reasonable person to be in fear of their safety, health, or well-being. Stalking includes (1) spying on a person; (2) waiting at a location to make unwanted contact with the victim, or to monitor the victim; (3) leaving unwanted items and gifts for the victim; and (4) posting or disseminating information or rumors about the victim on the internet, in a public place, or by word of mouth.

Stalkers may also use technology to harass their victim. Common forms of cyberstalking include:

• e-mail spoofing—sending e-mails pretending to be the victim • text messaging and sexting (sending sexually explicit text messages or photos)

• social media (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, etc.)—creating social media accounts and posting statements to harass, threaten, or denigrate the victim, or to impersonate the victim on social media

• online impersonation of the victim through a false identity or account to place online sex ads or solicit sex

• use of GPS to track the victim, including placing a GPS device on the victim’s car.

Stalking is a crime under federal law (18 U.S.C. §2261A) and in each of the 50 states, the District of Columbia, the U.S. Territories, and many Indian Tribes. In addition to stalking laws, every state has laws addressing electronic harassment, and federal law also criminalizes the use of technology to stalk (18 U.S.C. §2261A(2)).

Legal definitions for stalking and harassment vary from state to state and in the federal system—especially regarding the stalker’s intent and the nature of the victim’s fear or emotional distress caused by the stalking.

In Missouri, stalking is defined under Missouri Revised Statutes Section 455.010 and 565.225. It involves any course of conduct or repeated acts that serve no legitimate purpose and are intended to harass, intimidate, or frighten the victim. This includes following the victim, making unwanted communication or contact, and any conduct that would cause a reasonable person to fear for their safety or the safety of others. Missouri law recognizes both physical stalking and cyberstalking, which can include the use of email, text messaging, social media, and GPS tracking to harass or track the victim. Stalking is a serious offense in Missouri and can be charged as a Class A misdemeanor or, if aggravating circumstances are present, a Class E felony. Additionally, federal law under 18 U.S.C. §2261A criminalizes stalking, including cyberstalking, making it unlawful to use electronic communication to place a person in fear of death or serious bodily injury or to cause, attempt to cause, or be reasonably expected to cause substantial emotional distress to the victim.