Under federal law (applicable in all states) it is illegal for a person to knowingly or intentionally possess a controlled substance, unless the substance was obtained through a valid prescription or order from a practitioner, while acting in the course of the practitioner’s professional practice. See 21 U.S.C. §844.

The term controlled substance means a drug or other substance—or an immediate precursor to the drug or other substance—that is included in schedule I, II, III, IV, or V of the relevant portion of the United States Code (statute). See 21 U.S.C. §841.

The term practitioner means a physician, dentist, veterinarian, scientific investigator, pharmacy, hospital, or other person licensed, registered, or otherwise permitted by the United States or the jurisdiction (state) in which he practices or does research to distribute, dispense, conduct related research, administer, or use in teaching or chemical analysis a controlled substance in the course of such professional practice or research. 21 U.S.C. §802(21).

As under federal law, state laws usually classify substances in groups or schedules that determine which substances are included in the definition of controlled substances, and the potential penalties or punishments for possessing them without legal authorization. Criminal charges and penalties for these offenses vary from state to state and are usually located in a state’s statutes—often in the penal or criminal code. Illegal possession of controlled substances may also be prosecuted under federal law. See 21 U.S.C. §844.

Under both federal and New York State law, it is illegal to knowingly or intentionally possess a controlled substance without a valid prescription or order from a licensed practitioner. Controlled substances are classified into five schedules (I-V) based on their potential for abuse, with Schedule I substances having the highest potential for abuse and no accepted medical use. In New York, the Public Health Law §3306 lists the specific substances within these schedules. Practitioners, as defined by 21 U.S.C. §802(21), such as physicians and pharmacists, are authorized to handle these substances within the scope of their professional practice. Possession of controlled substances without authorization can lead to criminal charges, with penalties varying depending on the substance's schedule, the amount in possession, and other factors. These offenses can be prosecuted under New York State law, typically found in the Penal Law, or under federal law as per 21 U.S.C. §844.