Federal crimes are criminal offenses based on legislation (laws or statutes) enacted by the United States Congress and published in the United States Code (U.S.C.). Most crimes (murder, rape, assault, burglary, etc.) are prosecuted under state law (statutes) and are known as state law crimes. In contrast, crimes prosecuted under federal law are known as federal crimes.

Federal crimes generally involve a subject over which the United States Constitution gives the federal government—and more specifically, the U.S. Congress—the power or authority to legislate or make laws. This power or authority is also known as jurisdiction.

For example, the federal government (and not the states ) has the exclusive authority to print money and regulate its value. And because bank deposits are guaranteed (insured) by the federal government (FDIC) up to $250,000 per depositor, per FDIC-insured bank, and per ownership category, bank robbery is a federal crime (18 U.S.C. §2113). Examples of other federal crimes include tax evasion, wire fraud, mail fraud, immigration offenses, voting or electoral fraud, counterfeiting money, espionage (spying), and damaging or destroying mailboxes.

In Oregon, as in all states, federal crimes are offenses that fall under the jurisdiction of the federal government, as established by the United States Constitution and legislated by the United States Congress. These crimes are codified in the United States Code (U.S.C.) and are distinct from state crimes, which are prosecuted under state law. Federal crimes typically involve matters that cross state lines or affect federal interests, such as currency regulation, bank robbery due to federal insurance of deposits, tax evasion, and mail fraud. For instance, bank robbery is a federal crime under 18 U.S.C. §2113 because banks are federally insured by the FDIC. Other federal offenses include wire fraud, immigration violations, and espionage. While state authorities handle most common law crimes like murder and assault, federal authorities, such as the FBI and the U.S. Attorney's Office, prosecute federal crimes. The distinction between federal and state jurisdiction is crucial for determining which legal system will handle a particular criminal case in Oregon.