Stalking is generally a course conduct directed toward a specific person (or the person’s family, friends, or work associates) that would cause a reasonable person to be in fear of their safety, health, or well-being. Stalking includes (1) spying on a person; (2) waiting at a location to make unwanted contact with the victim, or to monitor the victim; (3) leaving unwanted items and gifts for the victim; and (4) posting or disseminating information or rumors about the victim on the internet, in a public place, or by word of mouth.

Stalkers may also use technology to harass their victim. Common forms of cyberstalking include:

• e-mail spoofing—sending e-mails pretending to be the victim

• text messaging and sexting (sending sexually explicit text messages or photos)

• social media (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, etc.)—creating social media accounts and posting statements to harass, threaten, or denigrate the victim, or to impersonate the victim on social media

• online impersonation of the victim through a false identity or account to place online sex ads or solicit sex

• use of GPS to track the victim, including placing a GPS device on the victim’s car.

Stalking is a crime under federal law (18 U.S.C. §2261A) and in each of the 50 states, the District of Columbia, the U.S. Territories, and many Indian Tribes. In addition to stalking laws, every state has laws addressing electronic harassment, and federal law also criminalizes the use of technology to stalk (18 U.S.C. §2261A(2)). Legal definitions for stalking and harassment vary from state to state and in the federal system—especially regarding the stalker’s intent and the nature of the victim’s fear or emotional distress caused by the stalking.

In Maryland, stalking is defined under Maryland Criminal Law Code § 3-802 as a malicious course of conduct that includes approaching or pursuing another where the perpetrator intends to place, or knows or reasonably should have known the conduct would place, another in reasonable fear of serious bodily injury, assault in any degree, rape or sexual offense, false imprisonment, or death. This definition encompasses behaviors such as spying, waiting at locations to make unwanted contact, leaving unwanted items, and disseminating harmful information online or in public. Cyberstalking is also recognized as a form of stalking, and it includes the use of email, text messaging, social media, online impersonation, and GPS tracking to harass or intimidate a victim. Stalking is a criminal offense in Maryland and can be prosecuted under state law, with penalties varying based on the severity of the offense and any prior convictions. Additionally, federal law under 18 U.S.C. § 2261A criminalizes stalking, including the use of technology to stalk, providing further avenues for legal recourse.