Child abuse is generally the mistreatment of a child by a parent or caregiver—through actions or inactions—that causes injury, death, or emotional harm to the child—or that places the child at serious risk of such injury, death, or emotional harm. Mistreatment that constitutes child abuse may take many forms, including neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, failure to supervise, and exploitation. Child abuse laws vary from state to state and are usually located in a state’s family code and criminal or penal code.

In New Hampshire, child abuse is defined and regulated under both the state's family and criminal codes. The law recognizes various forms of mistreatment as child abuse, including neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and exploitation. New Hampshire's Child Protection Act (RSA 169-C) outlines the procedures for reporting and investigating child abuse and neglect. Mandatory reporting laws require certain professionals, such as teachers, doctors, and social workers, to report suspected child abuse to the New Hampshire Division for Children, Youth and Families (DCYF). Failure to report can result in legal consequences. Once a report is made, DCYF is tasked with investigating the allegations and taking appropriate action, which may include involving law enforcement. Criminal charges for child abuse can range from misdemeanors to felonies, depending on the severity of the abuse, with penalties including fines, imprisonment, and loss of parental rights.