Child abuse is generally the mistreatment of a child by a parent or caregiver—through actions or inactions—that causes injury, death, or emotional harm to the child—or that places the child at serious risk of such injury, death, or emotional harm. Mistreatment that constitutes child abuse may take many forms, including neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, failure to supervise, and exploitation. Child abuse laws vary from state to state and are usually located in a state’s family code and criminal or penal code.

In Missouri, child abuse is defined and governed by both the state's family code and criminal statutes. Child abuse includes any act, or failure to act, by a parent, guardian, or caregiver that results in a child's physical or emotional harm, or risk thereof. This encompasses neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and exploitation. Missouri law mandates that certain professionals, such as teachers and healthcare providers, must report suspected child abuse to the Missouri Children's Division. Failure to report can result in penalties. When abuse is reported, the Children's Division is required to investigate the allegations. If abuse is substantiated, the consequences for the perpetrator can range from mandated participation in a treatment program to criminal prosecution, which can lead to imprisonment and fines. The state takes the protection of children seriously and has established these laws to prevent and respond to child abuse and to safeguard the welfare of its youngest residents.