Child abuse is generally the mistreatment of a child by a parent or caregiver—through actions or inactions—that causes injury, death, or emotional harm to the child—or that places the child at serious risk of such injury, death, or emotional harm. Mistreatment that constitutes child abuse may take many forms, including neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, failure to supervise, and exploitation. Child abuse laws vary from state to state and are usually located in a state’s family code and criminal or penal code.

In Michigan, child abuse is defined and regulated under both the Michigan Penal Code and the Child Protection Law. The Penal Code categorizes child abuse into four degrees, with first-degree being the most severe, involving serious physical or mental harm, and fourth-degree involving physical harm that is not serious. Sexual abuse of a child is also a criminal offense under Michigan law. Neglect, which can include failure to provide adequate food, clothing, shelter, or medical care, is also considered a form of child abuse. Emotional abuse, although harder to prove, is recognized as well. The state mandates that certain professionals, such as teachers and doctors, must report suspected child abuse or neglect. Failure to report can result in legal consequences. The Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (MDHHS) is the agency responsible for investigating reports of child abuse and neglect and taking appropriate action, which can include removing the child from the home if necessary to protect their welfare.