Child abuse is generally the mistreatment of a child by a parent or caregiver—through actions or inactions—that causes injury, death, or emotional harm to the child—or that places the child at serious risk of such injury, death, or emotional harm. Mistreatment that constitutes child abuse may take many forms, including neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, failure to supervise, and exploitation. Child abuse laws vary from state to state and are usually located in a state’s family code and criminal or penal code.

In Maryland, child abuse is defined under both civil and criminal statutes, and it encompasses a range of behaviors that harm or pose a serious risk to a child's physical or mental well-being. This includes physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional or mental abuse, and neglect. Maryland law mandates that certain professionals, such as educators, health practitioners, and social workers, must report suspected child abuse to the local department of social services or to law enforcement. Failure to report can result in penalties. The state's Family Law Article and Criminal Law Article outline the responsibilities for reporting abuse, the definitions of abuse and neglect, and the penalties for those found guilty of such offenses. Child abuse can result in criminal charges, which may include prison time and fines, as well as civil interventions, such as the removal of the child from the home or termination of parental rights. The Maryland Department of Human Services and local child protective services agencies are involved in the investigation and intervention in cases of suspected child abuse.