The crime of assault varies from state to state (and under federal law), but is generally defined as intentionally putting another person in reasonable apprehension or fear of an imminent (immediate) harmful or offensive contact. The crime of assault may be committed even if there is no physical contact, as the criminal physical contact constitutes the separate crime of battery. In many states assaulting a police officer or peace officer who is performing official duties (such as making a lawful arrest) is a more serious offense—sometimes a felony.
In Massachusetts, assault is defined under General Laws Chapter 265, Section 13A. An individual commits assault by either attempting to use physical force against another or by demonstrating an intentional and unjustified threat of force that causes reasonable apprehension of immediate bodily harm in the other person. Physical contact is not necessary for an assault charge; the mere threat, if perceived as imminent, can suffice. Assault on a police officer or peace officer is indeed considered a more serious offense in Massachusetts. According to General Laws Chapter 265, Section 13D, an assault on a public employee or emergency medical technician is a specific crime that carries enhanced penalties, including potential imprisonment. This heightened charge applies when the officer is engaged in their duties, and the assailant knows or has reason to know the person assaulted is such an officer or public servant.