Pro se (pro-say) means to argue on one’s own behalf in a court or other legal proceeding—also referred to as representing yourself in court or self-representation. A person can appear pro se in a civil or criminal case, but only a licensed lawyer can appear in court on behalf of a corporation, limited liability company, partnership, or other legal entity.
In Virginia, 'pro se' representation refers to the practice of an individual representing themselves in a legal proceeding without the assistance of an attorney. This is permitted in both civil and criminal cases. Individuals may choose to represent themselves for various reasons, including financial constraints or a belief that they can effectively manage their own case. However, while individuals have the right to self-representation, corporations, limited liability companies, partnerships, and other legal entities are required to be represented by a licensed attorney in court. This is because such entities are considered separate legal 'persons' and require an attorney to navigate the legal system on their behalf. Pro se litigants are expected to adhere to the same rules and procedures as attorneys, which can be challenging without legal training.