Pro se (pro-say) means to argue on one’s own behalf in a court or other legal proceeding—also referred to as representing yourself in court or self-representation. A person can appear pro se in a civil or criminal case, but only a licensed lawyer can appear in court on behalf of a corporation, limited liability company, partnership, or other legal entity.
In Massachusetts, individuals have the right to represent themselves in court without an attorney, a practice known as 'pro se' representation. This applies to both civil and criminal cases. Pro se litigants are expected to understand and follow the same legal procedures as those represented by attorneys, and the court generally holds them to the same standards. However, while individuals can appear pro se, corporations, limited liability companies, partnerships, and other legal entities must be represented by a licensed attorney in court. This requirement is based on the principle that such entities are separate legal 'persons' and can only act through agents, including attorneys, who are authorized to practice law.