The American legal system is based on the principle that an independent, fair, and competent judiciary (judges) will interpret and apply the laws that govern us. The role of the judiciary is central to American concepts of justice and the rule of law.

Each state, and the federal court system, has a code of judicial conduct that requires judges to respect and honor the judicial office and strive to enhance and maintain confidence in our legal system by maintaining integrity and independence, and avoiding even the appearance of impropriety. The judge determines or finds facts and laws for the resolution of disputes, and is a highly visible symbol of government under the rule of law. A code of judicial conduct is not intended as an exhaustive guide for the conduct of judges—they should also be governed in their judicial and personal conduct by general ethical standards. But such a code is intended to state basic standards that should govern the conduct of all judges, and to provide guidance to judges in establishing and maintaining high standards of judicial and personal conduct.

Each state and the federal court system has people and processes who handle complaints against judges and determine what if any disciplinary action is appropriate.

In New York, the judiciary operates under a set of ethical guidelines known as the New York State Code of Judicial Conduct. This code mandates that judges conduct themselves in a manner that upholds the integrity, impartiality, and independence of the judiciary. Judges are expected to avoid impropriety and the appearance of impropriety, ensuring public confidence in the judicial system. The New York State Commission on Judicial Conduct is the body responsible for investigating complaints against judges and determining appropriate disciplinary actions when necessary. This commission can recommend various sanctions, including admonition, censure, removal, or retirement of a judge. The code and the commission work together to maintain high standards of judicial conduct, reflecting the principle that a fair and competent judiciary is fundamental to the rule of law and justice in the United States.