Unfair competition laws are designed to protect consumers and businesses from unfair, deceptive business or trade practices. Unfair competition claims include trademark infringement, patent infringement, copyright infringement, misappropriation of trade secrets, and breach of restrictive covenants in employment agreements and contracts for the sale of businesses.

Unfair or deceptive trade practices usually target consumers and include misleading claims about the quality or characteristics of goods or services; bait and switch sales tactics; and the unauthorized substitution of an advertised or represented brand or quality of goods for a lesser brand or quality of goods. Most unfair competition laws are located in state statutes and court opinions (common law). But patent, copyright, and trademark laws that may be the source of unfair competition claims are located in federal statutes.

In Virginia, unfair competition laws are in place to protect both consumers and businesses from deceptive and unethical practices. These laws encompass a range of issues including trademark infringement, patent infringement, copyright infringement, misappropriation of trade secrets, and violations of restrictive covenants in employment or business sale contracts. Virginia's common law and state statutes address these concerns, providing remedies for businesses harmed by such practices. Additionally, federal statutes govern intellectual property rights, which are often at the heart of unfair competition claims. For consumers, Virginia's Consumer Protection Act (VCPA) prohibits deceptive trade practices, such as false advertising, bait and switch tactics, and unauthorized substitution of goods. The VCPA allows for both civil penalties and consumer remedies, including the possibility of triple damages and attorney's fees for willful violations. It is important for businesses to comply with these regulations to avoid legal disputes and for consumers to be aware of their rights under these laws.