Subject matter jurisdiction defines a court’s power to decide a lawsuit involving a particular subject matter, and to render an enforceable judgment. A court generally has jurisdiction when the particular claim raised in the case is within its constitutional jurisdiction—as provided by the state constitution or the U.S. Constitution—or because jurisdiction has been mandated by the state legislature or the United States Congress.

In Massachusetts, subject matter jurisdiction refers to a court's authority to hear cases of a specific nature. This jurisdiction is determined by both the Massachusetts state constitution and statutes, as well as relevant federal laws and the U.S. Constitution. The Massachusetts court system is structured with different levels, each with its own jurisdictional limits. For example, the District Courts handle most misdemeanor cases, small claims, and some civil matters, while the Superior Courts have jurisdiction over more serious criminal cases and larger civil cases. The Massachusetts Probate and Family Courts have jurisdiction over matters such as divorce, child custody, and estate issues. The state legislature and the U.S. Congress can also enact laws that expand or limit the jurisdiction of the courts. It is important for a court to have subject matter jurisdiction to hear a case; otherwise, its judgment may not be enforceable. An attorney can provide guidance on which court has jurisdiction over a particular legal issue in Massachusetts.