Rules of civil procedure in state and federal courts often provide limited circumstances under which the court may alter or amend its judgment before it becomes final and appealable. Motions (requests) to alter or amend a judgment may also be referred to as requests to modify, correct, or reform a judgment.

For example, in Federal Court, under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59(e), the court may alter or amend its judgment if a motion is filed within 28 days after the court enters its judgment. But the grounds upon which the court may alter or amend its judgment are generally limited to circumstances such as:

• an intervening and material change in the law that impacts the outcome of the case;

• newly discovered evidence; or

• a clear error or manifest injustice.

In Maryland, the rules of civil procedure allow for a court to alter or amend its judgment under certain circumstances, similar to the federal rules. Under Maryland Rule 2-534, a party may file a motion to alter or amend a judgment within 10 days of the entry of the judgment. The grounds for such a motion are generally limited and may include reasons such as a mistake, oversight, or omission by the court, newly discovered evidence that could not have been obtained in time for a new trial through due diligence, or any other reason justifying relief from the operation of the judgment. The state rules are designed to ensure fairness and accuracy in the judicial process, allowing for corrections in the event of significant errors or changes that could affect the outcome of a case. It is important to note that these motions are subject to strict time limits and legal standards, and parties considering such actions should consult with an attorney to understand the specific requirements and likelihood of success in their case.