The statute of frauds is the general name for each state’s statute (law) that requires certain contracts to be in writing—or to have a written memorandum that records the essential elements of the agreement—in order to be enforceable. Statutes of fraud are an exception to the general rule that verbal or oral contracts are just as enforceable as written contracts. Statutes of fraud are designed to prevent fraud and perjury (lying under oath) in transactions that are especially susceptible to fraud.

Statutes of fraud vary from state to state, but generally include (1) contracts for the sale or lease of real estate (land); (2) contracts that cannot be performed within one year from the date of the contract’s formation—such as a two-year employment contract; (3) loan agreements in excess of a certain amount; (4) contracts involving engagement promises (return of engagement rings), marriage (prenuptial agreements), or cohabitation (support, responsibilities) and post-cohabitation support (palimony); (5) contracts for the sale of goods above a certain amount (often $500); (6) promises to pay an estate’s debt from the personal funds of the executor; and (7) contracts in which one person agrees to pay the debt of another person.

In California, the statute of frauds is codified primarily in the California Civil Code. It requires certain types of contracts to be in writing to be enforceable. These include contracts for the sale or lease of real property, contracts that cannot be completed within one year, loan agreements for amounts not specified but typically significant, certain agreements related to marriage such as prenuptial agreements, and contracts for the sale of goods priced at $500 or more. Additionally, promises to pay the debt of another, as well as promises to pay an estate's debt from personal funds, must be in writing. The purpose of these requirements is to prevent fraud and perjury by ensuring that there is clear and reliable evidence of the agreements in question. An attorney can provide specific guidance on how the statute of frauds might apply to a particular contract or legal situation in California.