In this chapter,

(1) “attorney general” includes a designee of the attorney general;

(2) “claim” means a request for payment of health care services or equipment, whether made to a contractor, grantee, or other person, when the state provides, directly or indirectly, a portion of the money, property, or services requested or demanded, or when the state will, directly or indirectly, reimburse the contractor, grantee, or other recipient for a portion of the money, property, or services requested or demanded;

(3) “controversy” means the aggregate of one or more false claims submitted by the same medical assistance provider or medical assistance recipient under this chapter;

(4) “knowingly” means that a person, with or without specific intent to defraud,

(A) has actual knowledge of the information;

(B) acts in deliberate ignorance of the truth or falsity of the information; or

(C) acts in reckless disregard of the truth or falsity of the information;

(5) “medical assistance program” means the federal-state program administered by the Department of Health and Social Services under AS 47.05 and AS 47.07 and regulations adopted under AS 47.05 and AS 47.07;

(6) “medical assistance provider” has the meaning given in AS 47.05.290;

(7) “medical assistance recipient” has the meaning given in AS 47.05.290;

(8) “obligation” means an established duty, whether or not fixed, arising from

(A) an express or implied contractual grantor or grantee or licensor or licensee relationship;

(B) a fee-based or similar relationship;

(C) a statute or regulation; or

(D) the retention of any overpayment.