The holder of a type certificate (including amended or supplemental type certificates), a PMA, or a TSO authorization, or the licensee of a type certificate must report any failure, malfunction, or defect in any product or article manufactured by it that it determines has resulted in any of the occurrences listed in paragraph (c) of this section.

The holder of a type certificate (including amended or supplemental type certificates), a PMA, or a TSO authorization, or the licensee of a type certificate must report any defect in any product or article manufactured by it that has left its quality system and that it determines could result in any of the occurrences listed in paragraph (c) of this section.

The following occurrences must be reported as provided in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section:

Fires caused by a system or equipment failure, malfunction, or defect.

An engine exhaust system failure, malfunction, or defect which causes damage to the engine, adjacent aircraft structure, equipment, or components.

The accumulation or circulation of toxic or noxious gases in the crew compartment or passenger cabin.

A malfunction, failure, or defect of a propeller control system.

A propeller or rotorcraft hub or blade structural failure.

Flammable fluid leakage in areas where an ignition source normally exists.

A brake system failure caused by structural or material failure during operation.

A significant aircraft primary structural defect or failure caused by any autogenous condition (fatigue, understrength, corrosion, etc.).

Any abnormal vibration or buffeting caused by a structural or system malfunction, defect, or failure.

An engine failure.

Any structural or flight control system malfunction, defect, or failure which causes an interference with normal control of the aircraft for which derogates the flying qualities.

A complete loss of more than one electrical power generating system or hydraulic power system during a given operation of the aircraft.

A failure or malfunction of more than one attitude, airspeed, or altitude instrument during a given operation of the aircraft.

The requirements of paragraph (a) of this section do not apply to—

Failures, malfunctions, or defects that the holder of a type certificate (including amended or supplemental type certificates), PMA, TSO authorization, or the licensee of a type certificate determines—

Were caused by improper maintenance or use;

Were reported to the FAA by another person under this chapter; or

Were reported under the accident reporting provisions of 49 CFR part 830 of the regulations of the National Transportation Safety Board.

Failures, malfunctions, or defects in products or articles—

Manufactured by a foreign manufacturer under a U.S. type certificate issued under § 21.29 or under an approval issued under § 21.621; or

Exported to the United States under § 21.502.

Each report required by this section—

Must be made to the FAA within 24 hours after it has determined that the failure, malfunction, or defect required to be reported has occurred. However, a report that is due on a Saturday or a Sunday may be delivered on the following Monday and one that is due on a holiday may be delivered on the next workday;

Must be transmitted in a manner and form acceptable to the FAA and by the most expeditious method available; and

Must include as much of the following information as is available and applicable:

The applicable product and article identification information required by part 45 of this chapter;

Identification of the system involved; and

Nature of the failure, malfunction, or defect.

If an accident investigation or service difficulty report shows that a product or article manufactured under this part is unsafe because of a manufacturing or design data defect, the holder of the production approval for that product or article must, upon request of the FAA, report to the FAA the results of its investigation and any action taken or proposed by the holder of that production approval to correct that defect. If action is required to correct the defect in an existing product or article, the holder of that production approval must send the data necessary for issuing an appropriate airworthiness directive to the FAA.