When a person is injured on public property owned or controlled by a state, federal, or local government—or when a person or a person’s real or personal property is injured or damaged by a motor vehicle, piece of equipment, or other instrumentality—the question of whether the governmental entity that may be responsible for the alleged negligence can be sued and forced to pay any resulting court judgment for money damages.

An important legal issue to address in answering these questions is sovereign immunity. Sovereign immunity (also known as governmental immunity) in American law was derived from the British common law doctrine that the King could do no wrong—and thus could not be sued. Sovereign immunity varies from state to state, but typically applies to state governments as well as the federal government.

For example, sovereign immunity protects the state and its various provisions of state government—including agencies, boards, hospitals, and universities—from liability and from suit—unless the immunity has been waived. Similarly, sovereign immunity protects political subdivisions—including counties, cities, and school districts—from liability and from suit—unless the immunity has been waived.

Thus, sovereign immunity encompasses two principles: (1) immunity from suit and (2) immunity from liability. Immunity from suit bars a suit against the state or other governmental entity unless the legislature expressly gives consent. Immunity from liability protects the state or other governmental entity from judgments even if the legislature has expressly given consent to sue.

But federal and state governments (generally the U.S. Congress and state legislatures) have the ability to waive their sovereign immunity. Waivers of sovereign immunity are usually included in state and federal statutes and interpreted and applied by state and federal courts in court opinions.

A party may establish legislative consent by referencing a statute or a resolution granting express legislative permission. Legislative consent to sue the state or other governmental entity must be expressed in clear and unambiguous language.

Laws regarding sovereign immunity (and whether a person can sue and recover damages from a state, federal, or local government) vary significantly among states and in the federal system. These laws are usually located in the relevant state or federal statutes—and as applied by the courts in prior lawsuits and written by judges in prior court opinions known as case law.

In Arkansas, sovereign immunity is a legal doctrine that prevents the state or its subdivisions, such as counties, cities, and school districts, from being sued or held liable in court without their consent. This principle is rooted in the idea that the state cannot do wrong and therefore cannot be sued, which is a concept inherited from British common law. However, both federal and state governments have the power to waive this immunity, allowing themselves to be sued under certain circumstances. This waiver must be clearly and unambiguously expressed through statutes or resolutions. In Arkansas, the state's sovereign immunity is enshrined in the Arkansas Constitution, and the state legislature has the authority to enact laws that can waive this immunity. It is important to note that even if the legislature consents to a lawsuit against the state, immunity from liability may still protect the state from judgments. The specifics of when and how sovereign immunity can be waived, and under what conditions the government can be held liable, are detailed in state statutes and interpreted by the courts through case law. Anyone considering legal action against a governmental entity in Arkansas should consult with an attorney to understand the current laws and precedents that apply to their particular situation.