Barratry is the improper solicitation of a client done by or on behalf of an attorney and is a criminal offense in most states. The filing of a lawsuit or other legal complaint without the permission of the named plaintiff or complainant may also constitute barratry. And a judge who accepts a bribe in exchange for a favorable decision may be guilty of barratry.

Maintenance refers to improper assistance in prosecuting or defending a lawsuit, provided by someone who has no legitimate interest in the case—also known as meddling in someone else's litigation.

And champerty is an agreement between a litigant and an intermeddler in a lawsuit in which the intermeddler helps the litigant pursue the claim in exchange for receiving part of any settlement or judgment in the litigation.

Laws regarding barratry, maintenance, and champerty vary from state to state and are usually located in a state's statutes—often in the penal code or criminal code. Barratry is illegal in all states, with criminal prosecution and state licensing implications for attorneys who engage in the practice. But the maintenance and champerty doctrines are not recognized in all states.

In West Virginia (WV), barratry, maintenance, and champerty are addressed under the state's legal framework. Barratry, which involves the improper solicitation of clients by an attorney, is considered unethical and can lead to criminal charges as well as professional disciplinary actions against the attorney involved. While specific statutes regarding barratry may not be as prominent, the West Virginia Rules of Professional Conduct prohibit attorneys from soliciting clients in a manner that violates these rules, which can encompass barratry. Maintenance and champerty, historically common law doctrines, involve third-party interference in litigation. West Virginia does not have a strong history of recognizing maintenance and champerty as torts or crimes, and these doctrines have been largely eroded or abolished in many jurisdictions across the United States. However, there may still be legal implications for third parties who improperly involve themselves in litigation, depending on the circumstances and the nature of their involvement.